Allied Plans for Germany After World War II Map of East Germany The Berlin Airlift
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Germany After WWII
Allied Occupation Zones in Germany after World War II American - yellow British - green Russian - Red French -blue
Allied Plans for Germany After World War II
Discussions at Yalta and Potsdam also outlined the planned occupation and administration of post-war Germany under a four-power Allied Control Council, or ACC (composed of the United States, United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union). Additionally, the German capital of Berlin would be divided into four zones.At the end of World War II, at the Potsdam Conference in 1945, France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union decided to divide Germany into four occupation zones. Each country would control a part of Germany until its sovereignty was restored. The L?der (states) of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, and the eastern sector of Greater Berlin fell in the Soviet Zone of Germany (in German: Sowjetische Besatzungszone, or SBZ). Soviet objections to economic and political changes in western (US, UK, and French) occupation zones led to Soviet withdrawal from the ACC in 1948 and subsequent evolution of the SBZ into East Germany. Concurrently, the Western occupation zones consolidated to form West Germany (or the Federal Republic of Germany, FRG).
Map of East Germany click to enlarge Part of the overall agreement was encoded in the Morgenthau Plan, which was based on the basic concept that Germany's economy under the "level of industry" plans would be reduced to 50% of its 1938 capacity, so that a militarized Germany could not re-emerge in the future. The Soviets and French were in favor of the plans, while the British - who were occupying the region least capable of providing food for its population - were opposed. Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov told United States Secretary of State James F. Byrnes in 1946 that the Soviet government wanted to see a united Germany that could be neutralized after the Soviet Union received industrial reparations. The U.S.'s occupation directive JCS 1067 reflected these goals, stating that the U.S. occupation would "…take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany [or] designed to maintain or strengthen the German economy." As a part of these plans, factories in the U.S. Zone of Control were disassembled and sent both east and west, thereby fulfilling both the reduction in German industrial capacity and the provision of Soviet reparations.
However, in view of increased concerns by the U.S.'s General Lucius D. Clay and its Joint Chiefs of Staff over growing Communist influence in Germany, plus Europe's now-plunging economy, in summer 1947 U.S. Secretary of State General George Marshall — citing "national security grounds" — was able to finally convince President Truman to rescind directive JCS 1067. It was replaced with JCS 1779, which completely reversed JCS 1067. Among other features, it stated that "An orderly, prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany.” As part of the developing Marshall Plan, large sums of U.S. capital were freed up for use by any European nation that requested it. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin was highly suspect of these U.S. plans; they disrupted his dream of a non-military "buffer"-state Germany, and he felt that this U.S. aid would "buy" a pro-U.S. re-alignment of the new Europe, expanding the U.S.'s influence to near-imperial size. He stated "This is a ploy by Truman. It is nothing like Lend-Lease — a different situation. They don't want to help us. What they want is to infiltrate European countries."Molotov was initially interested in the program and attended its early meetings, but later described it as "dollar imperialism". Stalin eventually forbade any countries of the newly-formed Cominform from accepting the aid, which required some strong-arm tactics in the case of Czechoslovakia
The effects of the Morgenthau Plan were far more wide-reaching than originally predicted. The effect of Germany's industrial economy on that of Europe's total economy was greatly underestimated; after the Plan's implementation, the now-suppressed German economy began dragging down the whole continent's economy. Conditions became so bad that William L. Clayton, an economic adviser to then-U.S. President Harry S. Truman at the Potsdam Conference, reported back to Washington, D.C. that "millions of people are slowly starving." Former U.S.President Herbert Hoover in one of his reports from Germany, dated March 18, 1947, argued for a change in occupation policy, amongst other things stating: "There is the illusion that the New Germany left after the annexations can be reduced to a 'pastoral state'. It cannot be done unless we exterminate or move 25,000,000 people out of it."
The occupation zones into which Germany was divided had been decided upon by the European Advisory Commission in Sept 1944 .At the Postdam conference in 1945 the Allies agreed that Nazi war criminals should be brought to trial and that party members brought to office .Democratic political parties and trade unions were to be permitted, freedom of the press and religion were to be allowed and local government should be run by Germans under Allied supervision . The hope that the soviet zone of Germany might have a degree of independence from the USSR began to fade in 1946 .
As the U.S. and Soviet policies toward Germany changed in light of its terrible economic conditions, the former Allies grew apart. To Stalin, it remained essential to destroy Germany's capacity for waging another war; this conflicted with U.S. desires to re-build Germany as the economic center of a stable Europe. Little common ground could be found, and attempts between the two superpowers to further clarify post-war plans for a unified Germany stalled. In 1946 the Soviets stopped delivering agricultural goods from their zone in eastern Germany, and Clay responded by stopping shipments of dismantled industries from western Germany. The U.S. stance was that if it could not re-unify Germany with Soviet cooperation, the West should develop Germany's western, industrial portions (controlled by the UK and U.S.), and integrate these areas into a new western European sphere known as the "Bizone" (to be re-named the Trizone, when France would join it). Led by the U.S., these three major Western powers reached an agreement on this approach during a series of meetings in London, from February to June 1948. As outlined in an announcement on March 7, 1948, the London Conference declared support for fusing the three Western zones of Germany into an independent, federal form of government, and bringing Western zones into the U.S.-led economic reconstruction efforts.
It soon became very clear that Germany was unlikely to be reunited . The Russians began fundamental reforms in their zone which made unification almost impossible . Land reform was begun, banking and industry were nationalized. There was considerable public support for the nationalizaion of industry and banks, as many felt they had profited from the Nazi years of power .Many land owners were herded into collective farms, accussed of being Nazi activist or American spies . Old Nazi camps were used, often with old Nazis as guards .On March 31 the Soviets increased the pressure on the West by demanding that every train entering Berlin from the western zones be examined.On June 24, 1948 the soviets blocked all land routes to Berlin and the city was supplied by the famous Berlin airlift for 11 months .Several U.S. and British trains "forced the issue" with varied results, so General Lucius D. Clay, commander of the U.S. occupation zone in Germany, ordered all military trains to stop making the trip. Instead, he started an airlift, later to be known as the Little Lift, in order to supply the U.S. garrison with food and ammunition. The Little Lift lasted only about ten days, during which the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) flew in about 300 tons of supplies. The Soviets eased their restrictions on Allied military trains on April 10, 1948 but continued to periodically interrupt rail and road traffic during the next 75 days.
In February 1948, the Americans and British had proposed to the ACC that a new German currency be created, replacing the over-circulated and de-valued Reichsmark. The Soviets refused to accept this proposal, hoping to continue the German recession in keeping with their policy of a weak Germany The three Western powers continued to work on their new currency plan in secret, and then introduced the new Deutsche Mark — in their occupation zones — on June 21, 1948. The Soviets refused to honor the currency, even in Berlin, but the Allies had already transported 250,000,000 Deutschmarks into the city; so, it quickly became the standard currency in all zones. This new currency, along with the Marshall Plan that backed it, appeared to be able to revitalize Germany against the wishes of the Soviets. Further, by introducing the currency into western Berlin, it threatened to create a bastion of economic resurgence deep within the Soviet zone. Stalin, considering this a provocation, now wanted the West completely out of Berlin. On June 12, 1948 the Soviet Union declared that the Autobahn, leading into Berlin from West Germany, was "closed for repairs." Three days later, road traffic between the sectors was halted, and on June 21 all barge traffic into the city was stopped. Finally, on June 24 the Soviets announced that due to "technical difficulties" there would be no more rail traffic to or from Berlin. The following day, they announced that the Soviet sector would not supply food to Berlin's western sectors. The Western powers had never negotiated a pact with the Soviets guaranteeing these passage rights. The Soviets rejected arguments that occupation rights in Berlin, and the use of the routes during the previous three years, had given the West legal claim to unimpeded use of the highways, tunnels, and railroads. At the time, Berlin had thirty-five days' worth of food, and forty-five days' worth of coal. Militarily, the Americans and British were greatly outnumbered due to the post-war scaling-back of their armies, which the Soviets had resisted doing (for several reasons). If a war had started, the West would have certainly lost Berlin. General Lucius D. Clay, in charge of the U.S. occupation zone in Germany, summed up the reasons for not retreating in a cable to Washington, D.C. on June 13, 1948: "There is no practicability in maintaining our position in Berlin and it must not be evaluated on that basis... We are convinced that our remaining in Berlin is essential to our prestige in Germany and in Europe. Whether for good or bad, it has become a symbol of the American intent." General Clay felt that the Soviets were bluffing — that they would not want to be viewed as starting a third world war — about Berlin. He proposed sending a large, armored convoy driving peacefully — as a moral right — down the Autobahn from West Germany to West Berlin; but, with instructions to fire if it were stopped or attacked. President Truman, however, following the consensus in Congress, stated, "It is too risky to engage in this due to the consequence of war." On November 30, 1945, it had been agreed, in writing, that there would be three twenty-mile wide air corridors providing free access to the city. Additionally, unlike a force of tanks, the Soviets could not claim that cargo aircraft were some sort of military threat. In the face of an unarmed aircraft refusing to turn around, the only way to enforce the blockade would be to shoot them down. An airlift would force the Soviet Union into the position of either taking military action in a morally reprehensible fashion that would break their own agreements, or back down.On September 6, 1948, East German Communists occupied the city council building, to block new elections. Three days later RIAS Radio urged West Berliners to protest the East German actions. A crowd of 500,000 people gathered at the Brandenburg Gate, next to the Reichstag, still in ruins. The Airlift was working so far, but many West Berliners feared that the Allies would eventually abandon them to the Soviets. They needed reassurance that their sacrifices would not be for nothing. Ernst Reuter took to the microphone and pled for his city, "You peoples of the world. You people of America, of England, of France, look on this city, and recognize that this city, this people must not be abandoned — cannot be abandoned!" The crowd surged towards the East and someone ripped down the Red Flag from the Gate. Soviet military police responded, killing one Political interference was not the only action on the part of the Soviets. Starting on August 10, they started harassing aircraft in the Airlift, and after one year, 733 incidents had been reported. One of their favorite acts was for Soviet fighters to buzz the cargo aircraft, or to shoot into the air near them. After a Soviet fighter buzzed a British passenger plane too closely, both planes crashed with a loss of 35 lives. Balloons were released in the corridors, flak was fired randomly and searchlights were shone on the aircraft. Additionally they set up a fake radio beacon on the same frequency as Tempelhof, in an effort to draw aircraft out of the airways. None of these measures proved very effective. By April 1949, airlift operations were running smoothly, and Tunner wanted to break up the monotony. He liked the idea of a big event that would give everyone a morale boost. He decided that on Easter Sunday the airlift would break all records. To do this, maximum efficiency was needed. To simplify handling, the only cargo would be coal, and stockpiles were built up for the effort. Maintenance schedules were altered so that the maximum number of planes was available. From 12:00PM April 15, to 12:00PM April 16, 1949, crews worked around the clock. When it was over, 12,941 tons of coal had been delivered as a result of 1,383 flights, without a single accident. A welcome side effect of the effort was that operations in general improved, and daily tonnage increased from 6,729 tons a day, to 8,893 tons per day thereafter. In total, the airlift delivered 234,476 tons in April. On April 21, a point was reached at which the amount of supplies flown into the city exceeded that previously brought by rail. The Berlin Airlift had finally succeeded, and appeared able to operate indefinitely. The continued success of the Airlift humiliated the Soviets, and the Easter Parade was "the last straw". On April 25, 1949 the Russian news agency TASS reported a willingness by the Soviets to lift the blockade. The next day, the U.S. State Department stated the "way appears clear" for the blockade to end. Soon after, the four powers began serious negotiations, and a settlement was made on Allied terms. On May 4 the Allies announced that an agreement to end the blockade, in eight days, had been reached. The Soviet blockade Berlin was lifted at one minute after midnight, on May 12, 1949. A British convoy immediately drove through to Berlin, and the first train from the West reached Berlin at 5:32 A.MA total of 101 fatalities were recorded as a result of the operation, including 39 Britons and 31 Americans, mostly due to crashes. Seventeen American and eight British aircraft crashed during the operation. The cost of the Airlift operations were approximately $224 million ($2 billion in inflation-adjusted 2008 dollars On June 24, 1948, LeMay appointed Brigadier General Joseph Smith, commander of the Wiesbaden Military Post, as the Task Force Commander of the airlift. On June 25, 1948, Clay gave the order to launch Operation Vittles. The next day thirty-two C-47 cargo planes lifted off for Berlin hauling 80 tons of cargo including milk, flour, and medicine. The first British aircraft flew on June 28. At that time, the airlift was expected to last three weeks.Coats of Arms, Motto, Flag of East Germany
The Coat of Arms of East Germany , a hammer and a compass, surrounded by a ring of rye. MottoGerman: "Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt Euch!" English translation: Workers of the world, unite!
The blockade of Berlin convinced the French, who had objections before , that they should accept the integration of the 3 western zones into a sovergeign state .The new state, the Federal Republic of Germany ( West ) was formed on May 23, 1949 . The German Democratic Republic came into being a few weeks later on October 11, 1949 with old-time Comintern leader Wilhelm Peck as its president . Of the 2,000 odd members of the People's congress, some 500 were described as representing districts of West Germany and claim they represented all of Germany .
The GDR. My state . Poster from 30th anniversary of the GDR in 1979
Officially, both the western Allies and the Communists committed to maintaining a unified Germany after the war in the Potsdam Agreement, at least on paper. The 1952 Stalin Note proposed German unification and superpower disengagement from Central Europe but the United States and its allies rejected the offer. Stalin died in early 1953. Though powerful Soviet politician Lavrenty Beria briefly pursued the idea of German unification once more following Stalin's death, he was arrested and removed from office in a coup d'etat in mid-1953. His successor, Nikita Khrushchev, firmly rejected the idea of handing eastern Germany over to be annexed, marking the end of any serious consideration of the unification idea until the resignation of the East German government in 1989.
Checkpoint Charlie Berlin
Just as Germany was divided after the war, Berlin, the former capital of Germany, was divided into four sectors. East Berlin was the de facto capital of East Germany, although the legality of this was disputed by the western Allies, as the entire city was formally considered an occupied territory governed by martial law through the Allied Control Council. In practice, the Allied Control Council quickly became moot as the Cold War intensified, and the eastern government ignored the technical legal restrictions on how eastern Berlin could be used.
Conflict over the status of West Berlin led to the Berlin Blockade (June 24, 1948 – May 11, 1949), when the East German government briefly prohibited overland transit between West Germany and West Berlin, prompting the massive Berlin Airlift.
The June 1953 uprising
Stasi officers
The East Germans soon formed a Ministry for State Security ( Staatssicherheit- Stasi )with agents and informers .During the early stages of the occupation, the Soviet army seized a great deal of industrial equipment from eastern Germany to be shipped back to the Soviet Union as war reparations, crippling the East German economy for years. The increasing economic prosperity of West Germany led large numbers of East Germans to flee to the West. Since the 1940s, East Germans had been leaving the Soviet zone of Germany to emigrate to the west. The ongoing emigration of East Germans further strained the East German economy.
East German border guard escaping to the West
Although the German border between the two Germanies was largely closed by the mid-1950s , the sector borders in Berlin were relatively easy to cross. Due to the lure of higher salaries in the West and political oppression in the East, many skilled workers (such as doctors) crossed into the West, causing a 'brain drain' in the East. However, on the night of August 13, 1961, East German troops sealed the border between West and East Berlin and started to build the Berlin Wall, literally and physically enclosing West Berlin. Travel was greatly restricted into, and out of, East Germany. A highly effective security force called the Stasi monitored the lives of East German citizens to suppress dissenters through its network of informants and agents. At least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the Wall into West Berlin .
Erich Honecker and the Fall of East Germany
fall of the Berlin Wall
Die Wende marked the beginning of the German reunification process between East Germany and West Germany, following the East German revolution and the Fall of the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989, which was concluded on 3 October 1990 when the former GDR states acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany, which grew about 25%, and from 11 to 16 states. In hindsight, the German word Wende (meaning "change", "turning point") then took on a new meaning; Seit der Wende; "since reunification" or "since the Wall fell"; or "since the change". This period is marked by West German aid to East Germany, a total reaching an estimated $775 billion over 10 years. This burden greatly diminished much of the initial enthusiasm the Westerners felt for the prospect of reunification. This "turning point" has marked the reunification of Germany, reuniting countless families and friends and opening Germany to a new era of fortune and peace. Die Wende has become synonymous with the fall of the Wall, the Iron Curtain and that of the Eastern Bloc. Ostalgie is a German term referring to nostalgia for life in the former East Germany. It is a portmanteau of the German words Ost (east) and Nostalgie (nostalgia).
East German Trabant ' Satellite ' ( inspired by Soviet Sputnik ) now a collectors item The Trabant is an automobile formerly produced by East German auto maker VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke Zwickau in Zwickau, Saxony. It was the most common vehicle in East Germany, and was also exported to countries both inside and outside the communist bloc. It had a two stroke engine. There were waiting lists for years to get one in East Germany . The Trabant 500 was produced from 1957-1963 . The Trabant 601 was produced from 1963 to 1989. The last Trabant was made in 1991 .Fenders and doors were made of Duroplast. In the early 1990s it was possible to buy a Trabant for as little as a few marks, and many were given away. Later, as they became collectors' items, prices recovered, but they remain very cheap cars. Green Trabants are especially popular as they are said to bring good luck.
early 60s Trabant tv commercial
Rica Reinisch won 3 gold medals at the Moscow Olympics
Competition with the West was also conducted on a sporting level. East German athletes dominated several Olympic disciplines. Of special interest was the only football match ever to occur between West and East Germany, a first round match during the 1974 World Cup. Though West Germany was the host and the eventual champion, East beat West 1-0.For a small country, the people of East Germany achieved some remarkable results in many sports including cycling, weightlifting, swimming, track and field, boxing, skating and other winter sports. One reason for the success was started with late 1960s leadership of Dr. Manfred Hoeppner. Anabolic steroid doping allowed East Germany, with its small population, to become a world leader in the following two decades, winning a large number of Olympic and world gold medals and records. An estimated 800 athletes developed serious ailments. Another factor for success was the furtherance-system for young people in GDR. When some children were aged around 6 until 10 years old (or older) sport-teachers at school were encouraged to look for certain talents in every pupil. For older pupils it was possible to attend grammar-schools with a focus on sports (for example sailing, football and swimming). This policy was also used for talented pupils with regard to music or mathematics.
PBS show of the East German Sports program Sports clubs were highly subsidized, especially sports in which it was possible to get international fame. For example, the major leagues for ice hockey and basketball just included each 2 teams (excluding the school and university sport). Football (soccer) was the most popular sport after team handball. Club football sides like Dynamo Dresden, 1. FC Magdeburg, FC Carl Zeiss Jena, 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig and FC Hansa Rostock did have some success in European competition. Many East German players became integral parts of the reunified national football team, for example Matthias Sammer. Other sports enjoyed great popularity like figure skating, especially because of sportswomen like Katharina Witt. From 1976 to 1988, they came second in all of their three summer Olympics, behind the Soviet Union, and well ahead of larger West Germany. This was even bettered at five winter games, with 4 second place rankings, and even a first in the 1984 Winter Olympics.
The East German Mark (German: Mark der DDR) commonly called the eastern mark (Ostmark in West Germany and after the reunification), in East Germany only Mark, was the currency of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).The paper currency of East Germany was incinerated in June of 2002
East German coin
The National People’s Army (German: Nationale Volksarmee) was the military of the German Democratic Republic The creation of the National People’s Army on March 1, 1956, six months after the formation of the West German Bundeswehr, followed years of preparation during which former Wehrmacht officers and Communist veterans of the Spanish Civil War helped organize and train paramilitary units of the People's Police. With its German appearance--including uniforms and ceremonies patterned after older German military traditions--the doctrine and structure of the NVA were strongly influenced by the armed forces of the Soviet Union, thus mixing elements of the 20th century's most innovative and successful schools of military in a force which, for its size, was considered one of the most professional and prepared of the world.In its first six years, the NVA was an all-volunteer force. West Germany, in contrast, reintroduced universal military service in 1956. Conscription was finally introduced in 1962, and the NVA's strength was increased to about 170,000 troops.The NVA was disbanded in 1990. Its facilities and equipment were handed over to the Bundeswehr, including 24 of which were MiG-29s . The Volksmarine (People’s Navy) was the official designation of the maritime forces of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). It was part of the National People's Army, established in 1956.In 1988, the People's Navy had brief hostile confrontations with Polish naval forces over a maritime border dispute; in subsequent negotiations about two thirds of the disputed maritime area were allocated to the GDR. The Volksmarine had, cruisers ,destroyers, corvettes, fast torpedo and missile boats and submarines .Join the crew of GDR corvette Hiddensee .
The Luftstreitkräfte der NVA (Air Forces of the NVA) was the air arm of the National People's Army of the German Democratic Republic (GDR, or East Germany). It was founded in 1956, after the GDR's entry into the Warsaw Pact alliance, on the basis of People's Police Air units formed in 1950. The Luftstreitkräfte primarily flew Soviet aircraft, including the Sukhoi Su-22 fighter-bomber and six generations of Mikoyan-Gurevich (MiG) tactical fighters.
The Sons of the Great Bear, 1966 It was the first of a series of successful Westerns from the East German DEFA Studios, featuring Native Americans as the heroes, rather than white settlers as in John Ford's Westerns. In the GDR, the movie industry was very active.Besides folksy movies, the movie-industry became known worldwide for its productions, especially children's movies ("Das kalte Herz", film versions of the Grimm brothers fairy-tales and modern productions such as "Das Schulgespenst"The film industry was remarkable for its production of Ostern, or Western-like movies. Indians in these films often took the role of displaced people who fight for their rights,
Dean Reed 1938-86 an American who moved to East Germany and filmed movies there
There were some East German science fiction movies such as In the Dust of the Stars , Elomea, The Silent Star and The First space Ship to Venus
Watch The First Spaceship on Venus
East German Rock band ' Karat '
By the early 1970s, experimental West German rock styles had crossed the border into East Germany and influenced the creation of an East German rock movement referred to as Ostrock. On the other side of the Wall, these bands tended to be stylistically more conservative than in the West, to have more reserved engineering, and often to include more classical and traditional structures (such as those developed by Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht in their 1920s Berlin theater songs). These groups often featured poetic lyrics loaded with indirect double-meanings and deeply philosophical challenges to the status quo. As such, they were a style of Krautrock. The best-known of these bands were: The Puhdys Karat City Silly Only a few individual songs, such as "Am Fenster" by City and "Über sieben Brücken mußt Du geh'n" by Karat, found wide popularity outside the GDR. There was also a wide diversity of underground bands. Out of this scene later grew the internationally successful band Rammstein
karat video
The East German national anthem was ' Auferstanden aus Ruinen (Risen from the Ruins) ' You can hear it here
East German athletes seek compensation
Stasi files emerge through software CIA files stir up specter of East German secret police
East German Links
East Germany on wikipedia East German propaganda GDR posters more GDR posters photos of East Germany East German stamps PBS story on the East German sports program East German jokes maps of East Germany East German currency
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East Berlin, 1984 a Stasi officer has been assigned to keep an eye on a playwright and his girlfriend. If you liked The Conversation',you'll love this .
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